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The state of affairs with Polysilicon:

The Heat Is On

An investor's guide to global warming

Part I: Technology transformation

Part II: Energy and industry

Part III: Wall Street

Part IV: The consumer realm

• Part V: Washington's response

Global warming is juicing the price of a key ingredient used to make solar panels, raising questions about what the longer-term impact of the current shortage will be.

Polysilicon is an essential raw material in the production of solar cells for panels that convert sunlight to electricity for homes, businesses and farms.
Since 2004, average contract prices for securing long-term supplies of polysilicon have skyrocketed, more than doubling to $70 per kilogram.
Not lucky enough to have a long-term contract? Spot-market prices for polysilicon are daunting: Expect to pay $200 per kilogram on the spot market, compared with the $150 paid in 2006, according to industry watchers.
The supply crunch has thrust the polysilicon business -- once the all but exclusive territory of semiconductor makers -- into high gear. Novel financing deals and new partnerships are afoot, with solar-module makers scrambling to secure long-term deals and chemical manufacturers scrambling to boost factory output by 2008 and beyond.
To ensure a steady supply of polysilicon, JA Solar Holdings (JASO : ja solar holdings co ltd spon adr 42.45, +1.35, +3.3%) ,
SunTech Power Holdings (STP : suntech pwr hldgs co ltd adr  42.90-0.22-0.51% 12:26pm 07/13/2007)
STP42.90, -0.22, -0.5%) , Canadian Solar Inc. (CSIQ : canadian solar inc com)
CSIQ10.75, +0.45, +4.4%) and others have dedicated much of their IPO proceeds to purchases of the raw material.
The deals, called "pre-payments," are being used by polysilicon makers to boost production.
The situation is more acute for some solar companies than others.
Faced with escalating prices and tight supplies, two companies have swapped equity for polysilicon in pacts to help future sales. Those deals have raised eyebrows.
South Korea-based DC Chemical Co. acquired a 15% stake in Massachusetts-based Evergreen Solar Inc. (ESLR :
evergreen solar inc com
Last: 10.30+0.35+3.52%
12:31pm 07/13/2007
ESLR
in a supply pact that runs through 2014. In another deal, China-based SunTech Power inked a 10-year supply pact with MEMC Electronics Materials Inc. (WFR :
 
MEMC Electronic Materials, Inc
Last: 62.75+0.11+0.18%
12:26pm 07/13/2007
Delayed quote data
WFR
62.75, +0.11, +0.2%)
, which received a warrant equal to a 4.9% stake in SunTech.
The Evergreen-DC Chemical deal, in particular, carried a "steep price to pay for polysilicon supply," said Jeff Osborne, an analyst at CIBC World Markets, which has helped take a number of solar companies public.
In mid-April, Evergreen agreed to issue 4.5 million shares of restricted common stock and 625 shares of restricted preferred stock to DC Chemical, which bought 3 million shares of Evergreen at $12.07 each. Under the supply deal, Evergreen is to receive enough polysilicon to make roughly one gigawatt of photovoltaic solar panels through 2014.
Supply crunch
The supply crunch is exerting collatetal pressure on the semiconductor industry, which has long been the primary buyer of polysilicon, the chief material used to make the wafers onto which microchips are stamped.
"Global warming is not good for the semiconductor industry. The solar industry is growing very rapidly. ... It's really created demand in past several years that wasn't there before," said Tom Linton, who negotiates polysilicon deals for Freescale Semiconductor, one of the world's larger chip manufacturers.
This has changed the chip-making business's mindset
  
Polysilicon crunch
A number of solar panel makers have gone public the past 18 months. Many earmarked IPO proceeds for polysilicon in deals called “pre-payments.”
Company Ticker IPO proceeds Polysilicon pre-pays
JA Solar JASO $259 mln $120 mln
SunTech Power STP $455 mln $100 mln
Canadian Solar CSIQ $ 115 mln $30 mln
SolarFun Power SOLF $150 mln $50 mln
Trina Solar TSL $107 mln $30 mln
  Data: Thomson Financial / company reports
.
Before the solar companies came onto the scene in a big way, chip firms usually inked three- to six-month supply contracts with polysilicon producers. Now "you've started to see that elongate towards one- or multi-year contracts," said CIBC's Osborne.
The solar market's big polysilicon push came in 2006. For the first time ever, solar-panel makers consumed as much polysilicon as did the chip manufacturers, purchasing more than 50% of the silicon wafers produced in 2006 -- up from 10% in 2000, according to industry sources.
Polysilicon prices weigh more heavily on solar-panel makers, with the raw material making up 40% to 45% of the cost of goods per solar cell, compared with just 3% to 7% for a microchip. For that reason, solar-panel makers typically seek six- to 10-year supply contracts, Osborne reported.
 
The polysilicon shortage has stunted the growth of the solar industry, keeping it from expanding faster than the 20% pace it set in 2006, based on the number of installations worldwide. Yet a long-running supply-demand imbalance cannot be assumed, with forecasting polysilicon-market dynamics tricky and growing trickier.
For solar-panel manufacturers, future needs hinge on a number of questions:
  • How fast will solar take off in the U.S., Spain and other countries beyond Germany and Japan, the world's two biggest solar-installation markets?
  • How fast will solar-panel prices drop versus the price of electricity?
  • Will other solar technologies challenge the primacy of polysilicon?
"You have some questions there," said Jesse Pichel, an analyst at Piper Jaffray, which has helped raise money for solar-panel makers. "No one is really sure how it will play out."
Such factors and others make it "difficult to accurately estimate polysilicon demand for photovoltaic production," agreed Gartner Inc. analyst Takashi Ogawa, who forecasts worldwide polysilicon demand.
Alternatives in alternative energy
MEMC, Hemlock Semiconductor, Renewable Energy Corp. and DC Chemical are all building or expanding manufacturing sites in a bid to relieve supply pressure. Meanwhile, new entrants are also moving into the market, as 88% of the polysilicon supply is currently controlled by five players.
It takes at least two years to construct a polysilicon factory, which cost between $500 million and $1 billion. "The reality is [that] some of these plants may be significantly delayed, and some of the polysilicon makers maybe overstating their plans," Pichel said.
By 2010, global polysilicon available for sale is expected to reach 99,500 metric tons, up from 35,400 metric tons in 2006, according to CIBC's latest forecast, issued in late April, which estimates 25% more polysilicon will be available in 2010 than its prior projection.
CIBC estimated an "acute shortage" through 2008. Relief could come in 2009 at the earliest, in CIBC's view.
But the supply shortage has inspired exploration of alternative solar technologies that don't rely on polysilicon, such as thin-film panels. Whether such alternatives demonstrate efficacy and whether the most ambitious polysilicon-capacity buildouts come to fruition will ultimately have a great deal to do with whether the polysilicon crunch tightens or turns into a glut. End of Story
 

 

Humble beginnings: semiconductor waste

China’s solar energy industry began in the mid-1980s when Semiconductor companies in Wuhan, Ningbo, Kunming, Xining, Chengdu and other Chinese cities began manufacturing solar cells using a P-N knot diode process with waste raw material from wafer production.

Equipment acquisition: 1985-1990

 

During the early stages of industry development, China companies began to acquire solar cell manufacturing equipment.

  • Ningbo and Kaifeng were the first two professional solar cell manufacturers in China, introducing key equipment into their solar cell manufacturing with government support.
  • Next, Qinghuangdao Huamei purchased new solar cell manufacturing equipment and began production.
  • Yunnan Semiconductor bought second-hand solar cell manufacturing equipment for its site.
  • Last to enter the industry were Haerbin Keluona and Shenzhen Yukang, both of which set up non-silicon-crystal solar cell manufacturing production lines.

By 1990, Chinese companies had established a primary solar cell industry with a total of 4.5 MWp manufacturing capacity.

Technology advances: 1990-2000

Beginning in 1990, the industry entered a decade of development.

Following the period of equipment import and technology adoption, the industry leaders began to adapt and innovate solar technology. Production of solar cells increased as technology and manufacturing processes developed and improved.

By 2000, the industry could almost fulfill China‘s domestic market demand, although there was very little export.

2000: Rapid growth and development of solar energy supply chain

Beginning in 2000, China’s solar energy industry entered a period of rapid growth:

  • Baoding Yingli Solar became the first company to manufacture using single crystal instead of crystal silicon solar cell manufacturing technology. It built a 3MWp polysilicon solar cell manufacturing production line in 2001.
  • Wuxi Sun Tech built a 10MWp solar cell manufacturing production line.

Between 2003 and 2006 market demand in Europe (especially Germany) began to grow rapidly. Wuxi Sun Tech and Tianwei Yingli Solar expanded their capacity to meet demand, and more companies began to build solar cell manufacturing production lines.

Solar cell

Crystal-silicon solar cell

Non crystal-silicon solar cell

1673 MWp

1629 MWp

44 MWp

Table 1: China solar cell capacity, year-end 2006
Source: THT Research

With solar cell manufacturing as its starting point, China began to develop a comprehensive solar industry supply chain, which includes polysilicon material, ingot or wafer manufacture, solar cell manufacture, cell module and cell system, etc. In addition, the solar cell industry supply chain brought with it the development of related industries such as materials, equipment, and components for solar cells.

The rest of this whitepaper will focus on China’s efforts to advance its solar energy industry by developing and promoting an independent supply of polysilicon, the raw material for the industry.

Global polysilicon industry overview

In 2006, global polysilicon material production stood at about 36,000 tons, with the top seven manufacturers contributing over 90% of production. Of that, over 18,000 tons of polysilicon were supplied to the solar industry, with the rest supplying the semiconductor industry.

Because of rapid development of the world solar industry, the shortage of polysilicon material is becoming increasingly tight.

  • Of a total global solar cell production of 1,818 megawatts in 2005, including about 1,700 megawatts of crystal-silicon cell.
  • 1 megawatt of solar cell production requires 11 tons of polysilicon.
  • Therefore, global solar cell polysilicon demand is about 18,700 tons. Global supply of solar grade polysilicon stands at around 11,000 tons and silicon waste from the semiconductor industry is around 4,000 tons, resulting in a shortage of approximately 3,700 tons of polysilicon per year.

As a result of the tight global polysilicon supply, polysilicon prices are rapidly increasing. From 2001 to 2003, the semiconductor polysilicon purchase price was about US$40 per kilogram and the solar grade polysilicon price was about US$25 per kilogram in China.

In 2005, the average contract price of polysilicon was over US$50 per kilogram and the average retail price was over US$100 per kilogram. In 2006, the contract price was about US$100 per kilogram and the retail price was over US$300 per kilogram in China.

Currently, polysilicon manufacturing is dominated by seven global leaders. The output of these companies has long lagged behind solar cell demand for numerous reasons, including technology and market monopolization and time required for production expansion. The polysilicon shortage has become the bottle-neck of the solar industry development.

We do not expect the shortage of polysilicon to be resolved before 2011. The shortage not only limits the development of solar cell production, but increases solar cell manufacturing costs, thus having an overall seriously negative effect on the development of the global solar industry.

China polysilicon industry overview

At the end of 2006, China’s polysilicon production capacity was about 500 tons.

Company

Capacity (tons)

Luoyang Zhonggui

300

Sichuan Emei Semiconductor

200

Table 2. China polysilicon capacity (2006)
Source: THT Research

However, production only reached around 230 tons, while demand reached 4,380 tons. As a result, over 95% of China’s polysilicon demand was imported in 2006.

 

2004

2005

2006

Semiconductor demand

910

1060

1260

Solar industry demand

585

1596

4000

Total demand

1495

2656

5260

Polysilicon production

57.5

80

230

Polysilicon shortage

1437.5

2576

5030

Table 3. China polysilicon production and demand, 2004-2006 (tons)
Source: THT Research
Notes: Solar cell polysilicon demand is calculated as:
2004: 12tons/MW;  2005: 11tons/MW; 2006: 10tons/MW.
 2006 crystal-silicon solar cell productions is about 400MW

Development potential of China polysilicon industry

If China is to develop the capacity to fill its polysilicon demand, it will need to overcome several obstacles:

  • Poor manufacturing technology. The most efficient polysilicon manufacturing technology is based on Siemens’ methods, but China vendors use inferior technology processes, leading to energy consumption of two to three times international standards.
  • Small scale manufacturing. The ideal economy of scale for polysilicon manufacturing is 2,500 tons per year and the minimimum economy of scale is 1,000 tons per year. The two China polysilicon production lines each produce less than 300 tons per year, which increases production costs and makes it difficult for the companies to develop any competitive advantage.

The major challenge of China’s solar energy and information technology industries is developing polysilicon manufacturing technology. The major international polysilicon manufacturers who monopolize the advanced technology required for polysilicon production have to date not been willing to transfer production technology to China. As a result, China polysilicon manufacturers have been forced to invest in developing their own production technologies.

Nevertheless, several Chinese companies have begun investing in polysilicon production technology and capacity expansion.

As of 1Q07, Luoyang Zhonggui and Emei Semiconductor have begun their planned polysilicion manufacturing capacity expansions.

Sichuan Xinguang Silicon Industry began manufacturing solar and semiconductor polysilicon on February 26, 2007 and now has the largest polysilicon production line in China. As a result, China is on its way to becoming the fourth country to achieve polysilicon manufacturing capacity of over 1,000 tons per year, following Germany, Japan, and the United States.

Other polysilicon production projects are also currently under way in China, including construction projects at Yunnan Qujin, Hubei Yichang, and other companies.

If all of the currently planned projects come to fruition, China’s polysilicon manufacturing capacity will reach 12,660 tons in 2011 and China’s polysilicon shortage will be resolved.

China
 Production

Sichuang
 Xinguang
 Silicon
 Indutsry

Emei
 Semiconductor
 plant

Luoyang
 Zhonggui

Total

2004

0

57.5

0

57.5

2005

0

77

3

80

2006

0

130

100

230

2007 (e)

600

200

200

1000

2008 (e)

1100

200

300

1600

2009 (e)

1260

300

300

1860

2010 (e)

1260

600

400

2260

2011 (e)

1260

700

900

2860

Table 4. China polysilicon vendors’ production (tons): 2004-2011
Source: THT Research, March 2007

 

Ningxia
solar
(Ningxia
Shuizuishan)

Asia
Silicon
(Qinghai
Xining)

Shenzhen
NanBo
(Hubei
Yichang)

Jiangsu
Shunda
(Jiangsu
Yangzhou)

Jiangsu
Zhongneng
(Jiangsu
Xuzhou)

Chaolei
Industry
(Sichuang
Guangyuan)

Aixin
Silicon
Tech
(Yunnan
Qujin)

Tongwei
and
Juxing
(Sichuang
Leshan)

Total

2004

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2005

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2006

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2007

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2008

100

200

300

200

300

300

0

0

1400

2009

700

750

800

500

700

600

500

200

4750

2010

1000

1000

1300

1000

1000

1000

1000

500

7800

2011

1000

1000

1500

1500

1000

1500

1800

500

9800

Table 5. Polysilicon construction plans and planned capacity (2004-2011)
Source: THT Rresearch, March 2007

Conclusions

We expect China’s government to continue to support the development and expansion of polysilicon local technology development and production. China’s 2005 Renewable Energy Law called for the country to increase its renewable energy consumption to 10 percent of the total by 2020. Without sufficient supply of domestic polysilicon, this goal, as well as solar cell export goals, will be difficult to meet. Going forward it appears clear that polysilicon will remain a good investment in China in the near future.

 

 

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