Afghan Reconstruction

The Census Process

Introduction

One of the most important duties of the rehabilitation and reconstruction process in Afghanistan will require for a proper and thorough census to be conducted. A partial census was conducted by some group in the 1970's, however data for that is not public. As to who had conducted it or as to its thoroughness, also cannot be substantiated.  So leaving the past aside, one would assume that with the advent of the current interim government,  a formation of a department for Interior or a department for the Return of Refugees would indeed be in some way responsible for liasing with the UN and affiliates  for conducting such a formidable task, yet it is  unclear as to which of these departments will burden the will to conduct such a dawnting task.

Afghanistan in it's past has always required it's citizens to bear identity (Taskira) cards, required at all times generally for identification purposes. With registration data being non centralised and based on locality, the documentation for the registered were kept in regional civic institutions. Not all rural citizens were registered, and with the chaos that had gripped the country, no decent calibration system for population had been provided for, and if it had, it would not serve sufficient use for todays purpose as it is neither digitally nor comprehensively available.  A system therefore must be devised to accommodate for a census, that would not only procure a population survey, but also distribute modern identity cards.  The reason for this two pronged approach is simple, it not only produces a concise populous figure, it will also ensure that the survey had been conducted accurately.

The approach

Advocates would argue that any issuance of identity cards would be over kill for the purposes of any emergency initial task, however I would strongly disagree to any other approach other than the issuance of a sophisticated card system. The information would hold the issuers personal details, finger print, identity number, picture, tribe and location etc.. With this data it would be possible for all governmental bodies to conduct and forecast their responsibilities with accuracy, and to allow the many aid agencies to do likewise.  It will also allow for future accurate and cost effective surveys, planning, and most important of all, elections for a democratic government.

Practicality 

Today there are, systems that will allow a team to conduct practical regional surveys of demographically defined areas merely equipped with the following exampled equipment .

portable system for use at frequently changing locations. Personal details (image and text data) are captured live during the application procedure. Lighting and camera technology are specially adapted for fast, high-quality capture of the image and text data. Special features of this model are rugged design, low weight, extremely short set-up times and low energy consumption. Main components: Rugged laptop, operating system and IMAGO application software CCD colour video camera Colour frame grabber card Barcode reader Backdrop, lamps, camera and lamp mount Padded portable case

The team should be composed of 4-5 Afghans with the following roles:

Driver - Responsible for security and transport, water, food, fuel, generator and must be locally known.

Team Leader - Leader and main contact with central. Resonsible, ethical person able to conduct survey / questionaire.

Technical - Required to conduct photos and general use of equipment including finger printing equipment.

2 x Workers - Cooking, cleaning, buying, packing , tents , seats etc.

The team is equipped with a jeep and tents as they will be in the field most of the time, relaying back information to central approximately 150-250 personnal infos per day. The cards will be issued centrally and be dispatched at a later date.

Central Processing

A central processing department will be available in the capital and be responsible for datawarehousing and card issuance and dispatch. An example of the equipment required for such high volume card issuance is shown below. 

LUCHS 5000 card personalization system The basic configuration of the LUCHS 5000 card personalization system consists of one transport, one input, one output and one console module for system control. There are different versions available offering various personalization rates and functions (i.e. manual or magazine input).	Laser Engraving Module This module is available in three variants: LL-1 High-volume production of ID cards (high engraving speed, 256 grey levels, personalization on both sides) LL-2 Medium-volume production of ID cards (lower engraving speed, 256 grey levels, personalization on both sides) LL-3 High-volume production of ec, mobile phone, insurance and multi-function cards (high-speed engraving on one side only, no image engraving)	Magnetic Stripe Encoding Module LM-1 LOCO/HICO magnetization with 300/2,750 oersted LM-2 HICO magnetization up to 4,000 oersted	Chip Encoding Module 8 contacting units in one chip encoding module. Personalization rate 1,500 cards/h at a maximum personalization rate of 16 seconds per card

Requirements & Costings

The table below shows the fixed cost requirements for this task for one year:

Required	Number	Approx Unit Cost $	Cost $
Vehicles	100	20,000	2,000,000
Man Power	500	4,000	2,000,000
Tents	300	150	45,000
Chairs	800	8	6,400
Tables	300	23	6,900
Cooking Facilities	100	150	15,000
Beds & Blankets	500	150	75,000
Jackets	500	100	50,000
Shower equipment	100	100	10,000
Fuel	100	1000	100,000
Repair equipment	100	300	30,000
First Aid & Medicine	100	100	10,000
Generators	100	250	25,000
Day Cover	100	150	15,000
GPS Satellite Phone	100	1000	100,000
Portable ID System	100	5000	500,000
Radio	100	30	3,000
Sub Total			4,991,300

It would be assumed that working 6 days per week and producing about 200 ID's per day per vehicle, a total of approximately 6 Million ID's can be achieved during one year cycle of surveyance activity. In the major cities however fixed units will be deployed . These units will have similar costs attached to them excluding the costs associated with vehicles, tents etc. Assuming 2-3 ID systems in each major city The cost per ID is estimated at approximately $0.50 per ID, however this does not include the processing and delivery of ID cards.

The table below shows the fixed cost requirements for card production and delivery:

Reasoning Biometrics

An electronic device verifies the identity of a person through the use of a personal attribute, such as hand or finger shape, fingerprint, voiceprint, signature dynamics, retinal pattern, or iris pattern . These devices, known as biometric identifiers, can be very accurate in the identification of persons. The chances of such devices mistakenly identifying an unauthorized person is usually much lower than the chances of a guard inaccurately matching faces to picture badges. Biometrics are commonly used in high-security applications where unauthorized access into a facility is crucial.

Basically identification is unique and cannot be lent to other people. There is nothing for a Person to forget to bring with him or her. Hand or finger geometry appear to be the most viable, affordable, and user friendly biometric devices for medium- or low-security applications as is in this case. Portable devices are subject to damage from misuse. It usually takes longer to use a biometric device than a card reader or keypad. A stand-alone biometric unit can run between $1,200 and $5,000.

Contributing to Lower Costs

Factors that drive up the cost of the registration  include the following:

• Use of voter identification cards, especially photo-identification cards. Although the cost of this item tends to be high, the improvement in the ability to positively identify each qualified voter that results may make this cost a reasonable expenditure.

• Low population density. This factor, which obviously is beyond the control of the election authority, requires a larger number of registration officers, election districts, or registration centres. A key principle guiding registration is that voters should not bear unnecessarily high costs, including costs of transportation, or time away from work, in order to register to vote. It is incumbent upon the election administration authority to ease the burden of registration, even if this means setting up a relatively large number of registration centres, or using mobile registration centres.

• The use of nonstandard materials. Whenever the materials used in the registration drive are not consistent with the industry standard, where applicable, the costs of production will increase. For example, when producing voter identity cards, it is first necessary to determine the size of card that is appropriate for the type of laminating equipment that is being used. It is best to get estimates of the total card production package at the outset, to ensure that the laminating equipment does not result in the purchase on nonstandard (and hence more expensive) paper, or photographic slides, in the production of the cards.

There is a strong case for using a standard format for all identity cards carried by public sector employees and others claiming privileged access to premises (eg for health or safety purposes) and for these to also carry unique biometric information (eg fingerprint) which can be verified by low-cost machine, and/or visually, at the point of entry.

ID cards issued to Government departments for identity and/or transaction purposes will use common industry standards for "swipe" and/or "smart" cards and avoid the need for government departments and agents (eg post offices), and/or others planning to use them as proof of identity, to maintain multiple systems (hardware or software) and/or interface to multiple systems at the point of transaction.

The state of validation/verification of Government files which might be used for the initial production of such cards is such that the easiest means of improvement is probably the inclusion of unique biometric information to enable the subsequent identification of duplicate identities.

The technology will provide the country's National Social Security Authority with a secure means of verifying the identity of claimants as they collect their payments, which may be read in the field using portable off-line terminals.

ID Cards

Security features of the ID Cards including the new Identigram®

Normal View	Viewed from a shallow angle
secification with the following features may be incorporated

1. Holographic portrait:
(Holographic Shadow Picture, HSP®):
A second, holographic image of the passport or identity-card holder's photograph becomes visible to the right of the conventional picture when the passport page or the ID card is viewed from a shallow angle. The holographic reproduction process creates a stylised, light-dark image of the ID photograph's pictorial content into which four motifs of the German eagle are incorporated on the left-hand side.

2. Identigram®
3D German eagle:
A three-dimensional image of the German eagle in red can be detected from a specific viewing angle.

3. Identigram®
Kinematic structures:
Kinematic structures are arranged above the conventional photograph; their central element is a German eagle surrounded by twelve stars. When the passport data page or ID card is tilted from left to right, the eagle motif, which is visible at the centre, changes – via a hexagonal structure – into the letter "D". The stars alternately increase and diminish in size. The hexagons above and below the eagle motif move up and down. A chain of stars on the right-hand edge of the picture turns into a "D".

4. Identigram®
Macrolettering and microlettering:
There are kinematic structures on the left edge of the conventional photograph consisting of a curved band of macrolettering with the text "BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND" (Federal Republic of Germany); several parallel lines of microlettering with the same text connect with the macrolettering on the left-hand side.

5. Identigram®
Contrast reversal:
When the data page or ID card is tilted, the contrast on the surface of the central eagle motif is reversed, so that the initially light-coloured eagle now appears dark on a light hexagonal surface.

6.Identigram®
Holographic representation of the
machine-readable lines:
The two machine-readable lines of the data page or ID card are repeated as holograms. These are situated above the conventional machine-readable lines.

7. Identigram®
Machine-verifiable structure:
The Identigram® has a machine-verifiable structure. This also enables a machine authenticity check to be made to support visual inspection – in addition to the machine-reading of the ID. This structure does not contain any personal or document-related data.

8. Surface embossing:
The data page or ID card is embedded into a special laminate. A security embossing process gives the document a tactile relief surface along the right-hand edge. The redesigned embossing contains the letter "D", the German eagle motif, and the words "BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND" (Federal Republic of Germany) and "REISEPASS" (passport) or "PERSONALAUSWEIS" (ID card).

The following security features remain unchanged:

9. Security printing with multi-colour guilloches:
Guilloches are protective patterns made up of fine, interlacing curved lines in which different-coloured structures fit together perfectly to form a balanced overall picture. In reproductions (e.g. colour copies) the line structures of the original are resolved into dotted halftone structures.

10. Laser lettering:
The passport or identity-card holder's family name and first name are laser-engraved into the identification document material at the right-hand edge of the photograph.

11. Watermark:
When light shines through the paper of the passport data page or ID card, a multitonal watermark can be detected in the form of stylised eagles distributed over the surface.

Other Types of Security Cards

Notes and recommendations on taking photographs for ID Cards

The following quality features must be observed when taking photographs, in order to ensure a high standard of reproduction in the identity documents:

Colour cast: In particular, the photograph should reproduce skin tone naturally without any colour cast.

Illumination: Care should be taken to ensure that every part of the applicant's face on the photograph is adequately and (in particular) evenly illuminated.

Contrast: The face should be depicted in high contrast in order to ensure good reproduction of the colour/grey scale.

Format: The size of the head should be adequately proportioned to the height of the photograph. Care should be taken to ensure that there is no bleeding of parts of the face.

Background colour: The background of the photograph should be in a contrasting colour to the face and hair. For colour photographs, the background colours beige, light brown, light grey and pale blue are particularly suitable.

Reflections: In order to aid identification of the bearer, there should not be any reflections, e.g. from spectacles.

Other remarks:

• It may be either black-and-white or coloured.
• No parts of a uniform must be visible on the photograph.
• If the applicants are required to cover their hair e.g. for religious or spiritual reasons they can do so, however the full face must be visible in spite of the head covering.

Fingerprint Verification

The use of field or office fingerprint verifiers are essential in higher security areas. Below is an example :

Features

• Easy installation, no change to system software
• Fingerprint verification in less than 1 second
• Multiple finger enrollment for some or all users
• Administrator selectable security levels. Option of individual settings
• User selectable PIN data input (Wiegand / proximity / keypad / MAGTEK & OMRON track 2 and Watermark®)
• Input and output data signals identical on finger match
• Easy-to-follow LED and user-definable LCD instructions
• User‘s template held either in Verid‘s internal database or stored on a magnetic or smart card
• RS485 network for automatic updates of internal database
• Automatic configuration and database synchronisation of new units added to a network

Product Data

Features • Easy installation, no change to system software • Fingerprint verification in less than 1 second • Multiple finger enrollment for some or all users • Administrator selectable security levels. Option of individual settings • User selectable PIN data input (Wiegand / proximity / keypad / MAGTEK & OMRON track 2 and Watermark®) • Input and output data signals identical on finger match • Easy-to-follow LED and user-definable LCD instructions • User‘s template held either in Verid‘s internal database or stored on a magnetic or smart card • RS485 network for automatic updates of internal database • Automatic configuration and database synchronisation of new units added to a network
Size	Depth: 60mm Width: 165mm Height: 160mm
Power	10V - 14V D.C., maximum 500mA
Temperature	Operating 0°C to 40°C

The first step towards either a verification or an identification is to go through an enrolment (registration) process, i.e. extract biometric data, capture it, and create a template. Extract biometric data (ca 30 000 b) into a template (300 b).



Your fingerprint is read by the sensor, the distinct area information is extracted, and a template is stored.

Verification (sometimes called authentication) is when a comparison of newly captured biometric data is made against a stored template to find a match. This method is a one-to-one method where the verification situation craves that you are you, not in comparison to anyone else. In the verification procedure the template is used as an operator acting on the fresh fingerprint image. If the match is approved, the authentication of the person is completed. an example of a situation when you need this type of assurance is when a credit card is used and the cardholder wishes to verify herself.

 

 

A comparison of captured biometric data with many stored templates in a database is called identification. In the mornings when you get into work you need to identify yourself to pass through the entrance. The system is then comparing your fingerprint with all the already stored tamplates(ID files), and gets a match with your enroled template. Or when the need arises to check someone's identity, perhaps for a financial transaction, then the person usually uses a card, token, or username to identify the enrolled ID file in a system where there is many registered users. This file is then matched against the new template created when the finger is placed again on the sensor.

 

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Two-dimensional symbology

Two-dimensional symbology development has brought us the considerable benefits of data carriers that can do the job of a "license plate" linear bar codes, plus much more.Compared to linear bar codes, two-dimensional symbologies offer either more data in a small area or the ability to encode complete data files in an optically readable symbol- both of which extend the potential market for bar coding into areas which it previously could not venture. The range of data two-dimensional bar codes can encode is wider and allows for storage of vast amounts of text data, biometrics, photographs,signatures,etc

Datastrip's 2D SUPERSCRIPT is a high-density two-dimensional bar code allowing users to store significant amounts of information in the bar code. Unlike traditional one-dimensional bar codes acting as a "license plate" pointing to information stored in a computer database, 2D SUPERSCRIPT is the database. Thus data stored in a 2D SUPERSCRIPT creates a private portable database.

Security - 2D SUPERSCRIPT can not be altered once printed.

Durability - Error correction techniques support complete data restoration with up to 50% database destruction.

Density - Over 2,100 byte capacity

SMART CARD DIE-ATTACH AND MODULE LAMINATION ALTERNATIVES

http://www.aitechnology.com/sc9.html

Other

The Mozambican government has adopted a decree on a new type of personal identity card so that production of the card can begin this year. The new card will be extremely difficult to forge, and in future could also be used as a voting card.

Interior Minister Almerino Manhenje told reporters that the cost of the project is about $6.8 million. The government is providing two million dollars from its own resources, while the rest comes from Spain ($2.5 million) and from the European Union ($2.3 million).

The new card will be introduced gradually: 1.5 million will be produced this year, three million in 2000, and 4.5 million in 2001. The maximum cost of a card will be 30,000 meticais (about $2.5), but around 20 per cent will be issued free of charge to citizens who cannot afford to pay.

The new card will be introduced gradually: 1.5 million will be produced this year, three million in 2000, and 4.5 million in 2001. The maximum cost of a card will be 30,000 meticais (about $2.5), but around 20 per cent will be issued free of charge to citizens who cannot afford to pay. Click here

The new card will be introduced gradually: 1.5 million will be produced this year, three million in 2000, and 4.5 million in 2001. The maximum cost of a card will be 30,000 meticais (about $2.5), but around 20 per cent will be issued free of charge to citizens who cannot afford to pay. Click here